Different Approach of International Business - 6472 Words

Different approach of International Business In truth, we have become part of a global village and have a global economy where no organization is insulted from the effects foreign markets and competition. Indeed, more and more firm are reshaping themselves for international competition and discovering new ways to exploit markets in every corner of the world. Failure to take a global perspective in one of the biggest mistakes managers can make. Thus we start laying the foundation for our discussion by introducing and describing the basic of international business. International Business: An international business is one that is based primarily in a single country but acquires some meaningful share of its resources or revenues (or both)†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Basic statistics on international trade normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal services. A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may nevertheless be included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments or dummy declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the activities. Balance of trade Balance of trade represents a difference in value for import and export for a country. A country has demand for an import when domestic quantity demanded exceeds domestic quantity supplied, or when the price of the good (or service) on the world market is less than the price on the domestic market. The balance of trade, usually denoted NX, is the difference between the value of the goods (and services) a country exports and the value of the goods the country imports: NX = X − I, or equivalently I = X − NX A trade deficit occurs when imports are large relative to exports. Imports are impacted principally by a countrys income and its productive resources. For example, the US imports oil from Canada even though the US has oil and Canada uses oil. However, consumers in the US are willing to pay more for the marginal barrel of oil than Canadian consumers are, because there is more oil demanded in the US than there is oil produced. In macroeconomic theory, the value of imports I can be modeled as a function of the domestic absorption A and the real exchange rate ÏÆ'. These are theShow MoreRelatedAddressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary718 Words   |  3 PagesAddressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary LAW/421 August 6, 2013 Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary International trade is important and beneficial to business. However, international trade guides a safeguard of interests, specific business contract, defined law, forum of dispute settlement, and understanding of contract clauses. â€Å"A working knowledge of international law helps business owners and managers with global interests reduceRead MoreFour Approaches to International Staffing- Microsoft and Red Cross1343 Words   |  6 PagesFour approaches to international staffing, advantages and disadvantages. The globalisation of the world’s business economy has been particularly significant, resulting in an increase in the importance of, and interest in, international human resourcing. The international company is a type of multi-unit business organisation, which has a corporate centre in its home and its business units located in various host countries. International HRM distinguishes itself from domestic HRM primarily by havingRead MoreInternation Recruitment and Selection1678 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Recruitment, Selection, and Training Strategies The world has been rapidly transforming due to the changes in technology, innovations, and the reduction of trade barriers into and out of countries which have permitted globalization. Due to globalization human resource management has been forced to take a more international approach, and has demonstrated that a more effective management of human resources internationally is imperative for the success of companies in international businessRead MoreZara International Case Study1000 Words   |  4 PagesZara International was a retail shop originated in La Coruna, Spain in 1975. It was clothing and accessories shop and imitated the latest fashion trends and sold them at a lower cost. It became Zara International after entering Portugal in 1988 and then the United States and France in the 1990s. The distributor for this brand is Inditex and is considered the most successful retail chain in the world. Zara has a business strategy that is very different from the retailers nowadays. If a customer ordersRead MoreAnalysis of the Primary Models of International Marketing721 Words   |  3 PagesInternational Marketing Introduction The three primary models that international marketing is predicated on include ethnocentric, geocentric and polycentric approaches to entering, selling to and serving new markets. Each of these approaches have inherent strengths and weaknesses associated with them, and the intent of this analysis is to explain how the way a company markets a product or service will dictate the selection of one over another. There are many cultural differences and factorsRead MoreStaffing Policies - Pros N Cons1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pros and Cons of International Staffing 1. Introduction There has been a rapid pace of internationalization and globalization over the last decade. Expanding business operations beyond national boundaries while continuing commitment to local markets requires more complex business structures. One of the most critical determinants of an organization s success in global ventures is the effective management of its human resources. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the advantagesRead MoreEffectively Managing Employee Compensation and Benefit Packages1289 Words   |  6 Pages There are many significant challenges that face multinational organizations in today’s business world. One such challenge, for global organizations and the human resource department, is effectively managing employee compensation and benefits packages. Managing compensation structures has become an integral part of many organizations that conduct operations in the global market, as there are many considerations for the host country when sending expatriates abroad. It is imperative for organizationsRead MoreCase Study : International Human Resource Management Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesand baking products business. In this company have different technologies for marketing strategies. Judgment is needed to identify the growth of the company so they look after the PBIT. In the time of 1990s they provide expansion opportunities Malaysian company pedi-cepat planned export offices in India, Singapore and Japan bit it fails. After the crisis, they expanded to Europe and the Middl e East. Expand to Oceana for the better growth. This report focused the international human resource managementRead MoreInteraction of American Laws with International Law962 Words   |  4 PagesUCC and International Law Because the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) generally regulates commerce or trade on a national basis, one may not realize that it also has an impact on international commerce. However, this assumption would ignore the critical role that American laws and policies play in the arena of international trade. These roles are both formal and informal. In other words, American law has direct and indirect effects on international commerce. In order to understand the impact ofRead MoreInternational Trade Theories That Can Be Analyzed944 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Trade Theories There are a number of different trade theories that can be analyzed in regards to the above referenced research project, and I will attempt to address the theories I feel that are most relatable to the question in hand. The first international trade theory I will address is that of Mercantilism. Historically, mercantilism is defined as â€Å"the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should

General Characteristics of Battered Woman Syndrome

Battered Woman Syndrome An estimated 1.3 million women are victims of physical assault by an intimate partner each year. A surfacing psychological condition known as Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS), develops after experiencing physical and emotional abuse over an extended period of time. BWS has been subcategorized as a form of post-traumatic stress disorder, proving that it is indeed, a very serious and severe condition. Battered Woman Syndrome causes severe, emotional and psychological trauma in women after prolonged abuse in an intimate relationship; the number of Battered Woman cases in America is rising each year and it is necessary that more attention be brought to its significance as well as the victims being effected. More†¦show more content†¦Women stay because sometimes, they have nowhere left to go. She stays because she believes that maybe, the man she once loved will stop the abuse. Women stay in these abusive relationships because they are trapped and they are helpless. The question is not why do these women stay, but why do these men feel the obligation and audacity to batter them. Even when the cycle of abuse seems endless, however, there are ways to help and treat a victim of domestic violence or more so, a battered woman. First of all, safety must be established. For a battered woman, even hinting towards divorce or a break-up with the batterer can be the most unsafe time. Secondly, a treatment plan and or trauma therapy should be considered to ensure a safe recovery for the victim of abuse. Therapy can be a very powerful tool in helping victims heal after abuse. The therapy addresses the fear and guilt that the victim feels as well as helping to mend difficult relationships and unhealthy behaviors that develop. Trauma therapy helps a victim move pass her abusive experiences and helps her understand that the psychological effects of the abuse are normal and can, very well, be treated. A battered woman’s symptoms after abuse are referred to as traumatic triggers: typical trauma triggers include the memory of the way the batterer’s face or eyes look when heShow MoreRelatedBattered Woman Syndrome And The National Institute Of Justice1585 Words   |  7 Pagesher lifetime (Battered Woman Syndrome, 2012). This type of abuse can be fatal and detrimental to one’s personal growth. When woman are repeatedly abused, they show different signs, symptoms and general characteristics. These characterist ics are defined as Battered Woman Syndrome. Battered Woman Syndrome, or BTS, was a theory that was developed in the 1970’s (Battered Woman Syndrome, 2010). As stated before, BTS is the signs, symptoms, and general characteristics of battered woman. According to DrRead MoreBattered Woman Syndrome : The Perfect Defense Or Perfect Murder?1652 Words   |  7 PagesBattered Woman Syndrome: The Perfect Defense Or The Perfect Murder The standards of women and their rights have changed vastly over the years. In the 1800’s women were subject to whatever treatment a man felt necessary. Self-defense was not heard of and women did not dare stand up for themselves. In the modern age of today women have the right to be treated just like everyone else is, with respect. Although women have more rights in today’s society and have the right to stand up for themselves thatRead MoreKnowledge Of Violence Against Women1860 Words   |  8 Pagesdefinition of what constitutes self-defense has led to the conviction of many battered women who kill their partners. Through a legal and psychological lens many have examined this phenomenon, delving deeper than the superficial and one-dimensional definitions set by the courts. There is a difference between what is considered situational intimate couple violence, and instances of battered women syndrome. The key characteristic of battering is the longevity of the abuse. Due to its time frame, a batteringRead More The Battered Woman Syndrome and Criminal Law Essay3845 Words   |  16 Pagesfrom Battered Womens Syndrome. Battered Womens Syndrome, or BWS, is a very complex psychological problem facing criminal courts today and has caused great debate on whether or not it should even be allowed in the courtroom. Although the syndrome has been given more consideration as a warranted issue by society, those who create our laws and control our courtrooms, have not developed a defense that sufficiently protects these women. United States courtrooms, instead of protecting battered womenRead MoreEssay on Domestic Violence Informative Outline1358 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence INTRODUCITON: GAIN AUDIENCE ATTENTION: Open with domestic violence video via Prezi. According to statistics found by the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, Every nine seconds a woman is abused by her husband or intimate partner. At least 1 in every 4 women and 1 in every 9 men have been beaten, coerced into sex or otherwise abused in their lifetime. Most often the abuser is one of their own family. Domestic violence is a problem that somehow affects everyRead MoreDescribe the Extent to Which Recent Reforms to Murder in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 Are a Change for the Better but Have Not Necessarily Satisfied Those Who Campaigned for Change.1873 Words   |  8 Pagesguilty. Previously any cooling off period might have counted against the defendant. This was problematic for women who were in violent relationships; they were unable to plead the defence due to the perceived element of pre-meditation. In Ahluwalia a woman had been in an arranged marriage, her husband was very violent towards her over a period of 10 years. She poured white spirit over h er husband and set it alight causing his death. The courts accepted the possibility of a slow burn reaction; howeverRead MoreThe Mormon Church A Short Time After Meeting Alexander Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesjailed and prior to her trial. Again, the defense team’s strategy was a not guilty plea, while they concur that Arias admitted to killing Travis Alexander, they assert it was self-defense. They also claimed she fit the profile of a woman suffering from Battered Woman Syndrome. Although Arias does meet the criteria for a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder, it is my assertion that there is a high likelihood that she is a psychopath. Individuals who have psychopathic personality display a â€Å"uniqueRead MoreThe Between Domestic Violence And Children2957 Words   |  12 Pagespaper is should the state be able to remove a child from a home where domestic violence occurs often? 1.Domestic violence can happen to both men and women who are in an intimate relationship. This relationship does not only occur between a man and a woman, but it can occur in relationships where partners are both either males or females. The term given to the person that is committing the violence on the victim is called a batterer. A batterer is someone who exercises a pattern of coercive control inRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Ptsd2486 Words   |  10 Pagesthese cognitive changes do not appear to be adaptive in regards to bullying, as they leave adolescents much more vulnerable to bullying’s negative consequences than adults. Adolescents have a higher chance of attributing the bullying to their own characteristics and self-worth and, perhaps mistakenly, perceiving the bullying as a potential threat to their lives. These factors leave adolescents distinctly more prone to developing internalizing and externalizing symptoms, such as depressive or aggressiveRead MoreThe R elevancy of Diminished Responsibility Essay3509 Words   |  15 Pageswhether volition is an active state in the mind or whether it is a mental state, like a thought , that just comes to one. Moore puts it as Volitions are simply the last executors both of our more general intentions and of the background states of desire and belief that those more general intentions themselves execute. 2 . This does not consider the connections between the object of the volitions and the mind. Moore also points out the various ways of looking at these connections

The War of Americans Free Essays

Over the course of the last half-century the U. S. has enjoyed unprecedented power in every aspect whether it be politically, economically, militarily, or by any other means. We will write a custom essay sample on The War of Americans or any similar topic only for you Order Now In its dominance of world politics since WWII, the U. S. has been able to cast its influence around the globe. However, the U. S. experienced a gradual decline in its sovereignty over the course of this era as well. A prime example was in 1973 when OPEC raised oil prices drastically over the course of the next two years. â€Å"OPEC†s ability to increase at will the world price of its precious product highlighted the industrial world†s dependence on foreign sources of energy. (Keylor, p. 346) Being a sovereign nation requires not being subject to external forces, being able to conduct an independent foreign policy, and being able to control events within your own borders. Today, U. S. sovereignty continues to decline for a number of reasons. The only question is whether it is healthy or harmful for the U. S. to do so. The first reason why U. S. sovereignty is declining is due to what is known as interdependence. This phenomenon developed after WWII with the creation of the UN, GATT, the IMF and other such intergovernmental organizations. All of these served to create linkages between the major nations of the world in the postwar era. Membership in such organizations makes the U. S. subject to international law. Rosecrance†s identification of the trading state signifies the shift away from geopolitical influence and towards a global economy. Both the roles of international trade and foreign investment have increasingly become a greater element of U. S. economic importance. Additionally, the tying together of economies from around the world has lead to an increase in economic warfare. The increased use of economic sanctions and other such measures can be contributed to their perceived effectiveness in obtaining foreign policy goals. The U. S. integration into the world economy leaves it susceptible to the economic decisions of its trading partners and providers of raw materials. Reliance on import and export goods is an essential part of the U. S. economy. This can be seen in every day life. Just think about how much gas prices have increased recently as the result of a few nations restricting their oil supplies in order to raise prices. While the countries responsible for this could all be readily defeated by the U. S. in war, the U. S. is powerless to combat their practices. Aside from its place in the world market, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction also serves to limit the sovereignty of the U. S. First off, new nuclear powers, which would likely include a number of aggressive authoritarian states, will lack the resources to manage the elaborate command and control capabilities required. â€Å"Even if hostile countries somehow catch up in an arms race, their military organizations and cultures are unlikely to catch up in the competence race for management, technology assimilation, and combat command skills. (Betts, p. 29) In addition to proliferation of nuclear weapons, there is also wide concern among U. S. leaders about the spread and development of biological weapons. The rise of religious nationalism and anti-U. S. sentiments in nations such as Iraq give cause for concern to the U. S. that an attack using biological weapons is possible. â€Å"One simple fact should worry Americans more about biological than about nuclear or chemical arms: unlike either of the other two, biological weapons combine maximum destructiveness and easy availability. † (Betts, p. 32) Even more threatening to U. S. sovereignty is the treat of terrorist attack to our nation†s soil. The proliferation of the aforementioned weapons is worrisome to U. S. officials that a horrendous nuclear of biological terrorist attack is feasible. The possibility of such and attack places a serious hindrance on the U. S. ability to protect its citizens within its borders. Conspirators of such an attack could be based within the U. S. or abroad, which makes it increasingly difficult to guard against. Additionally, it is impossible to deter such a course of action. When a nation is attacked, the government behind the attack is readily identified and a counterattack can be undertaken. However, when it is unknown as to who is behind the attack, it makes it impossible to deter it from occurring since â€Å"retaliation requires knowledge of who has launched an attack and the address at which they reside. † (Betts, p. 34) Such concerns have increased since the end of the Cold War as there is widespread doubt surrounding the degree of control Russia used in disposing of their nuclear weapons. The information revolution also poses a serious threat to U. S. overeignty. The increasing opportunities for interaction through technological advances in communications and transportation make information more readily accessible. The strong reliance on the behalf of the U. S. on information infrastructure makes it vulnerable to attack. (Wriston, p. 179) â€Å"The smallest nation, terrorist group, or drug cartel could hire a computer programmer to plant a Trojan horse virus in software, take down a vital network, or cause a missile to misfire†¦ The United States† increasing reliance on massive networks may make it more, not less vulnerable. † (Wriston, p. 80) As with the problem of an armed terrorist attack, it is extremely difficult to determine who is responsible for a break-in of a private, supposedly secure, U. S. government web page. Fortunately, we have not yet witnessed any such form of information warfare; however, imagining the form it might take and protecting against it has become the preoccupation of a presidential commission and numerous task forces. (Wriston, p. 179) Despite the erosion of U. S. sovereignty, it is still by far the most powerful nation in the world today. I for one would welcome the erosion of U. S. overeignty since it furthers interdependence in world politics and serves to perpetuate world peace. The greater the economies of the world are intertwined, the less likely it is that a nation will go to war with another that it is linked to by a web of transnational relationships. It may also be in the best interests of the U. S. to lose some of its sovereignty since the world is moving towards civilizational entities (Western, African, Islamic, etc. ) as identified by Samuel Huntington. (Huntington) If he is correct in his prediction, then the U. S. is better off belonging to one of these civilizations rather than standing alone. How to cite The War of Americans, Essay examples

Cause/Effect of immigration reform free essay sample

What is the first thing that comes to mind when you think of immigration? What is the United States’ current Immigration Policy? Would you even think that it is considered to be one of the most debatable topics today? Nowadays, many people decide to immigrate to have a better life for themselves and their families. Immigration reform, as it has been called, had been tried during the past years by our very own Congress. Obviously, administrations efforts failed because, currently, illegal immigration is still a platform. Why would anyone expect that immigration reform would be accomplished this time around? The illegal problem will solve itself over time. Illegal immigration is a serious problem in the United States and is one of the most controversial issues. During the 1980s and 1990s, illegal immigration was a round-the-clock issue for â€Å"political debate,† as immigrants continued to immigrate to the United States, mainly through Canada and Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause/Effect of immigration reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the beginning of the 1960s, immigration reform had heightened because of the civil rights movement going on in the United States. According to U. S. Immigration Since 1965 published on history. Com, the reason for change is that â€Å"immigration [is] based on the national-origins quota system in place since the 1920s, under which each nationality [is] assigned a quota based on its representation in past U. S. census figures. † In the year 1996, Congress issued two reforms that â€Å"addressed border enforcement and the use of social programs by immigrants. † Most recently, since the tragic event of 9/11, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 founded by the DHS (Department of Homeland Security), â€Å"which took over many immigration services and enforcement functions formerly performed by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)† (U.  S. Immigration Since 1965). There are many causes of immigration to the United States. The United States has been described as a nation of immigrants, where people of many different races, religions, and cultures have mixed together to form a society. According to Root Causes of MigrationFact Sheet published on wear eoneamerica. org, the main reason for immigration is â€Å"poverty†, wars, social disagreement, political disorder, and â€Å"economic hardship. † On the other hand, Top Seven Reasons Why People Immigrate, published on immigration.  net. in on July 9, 2009, states the top seven reasons for immigration is a â€Å"financially secured future, high standard living, education, start of a series, political reasons, needs for different personalities, and a soul mate. † For example if someone is wanting a financially secured future they would emigrate to a country that has â€Å"higher wages† and a better future. Moreover, a job that has increased pay or a living situation that is far better than the one in their original country. To explain the â€Å"start of a series† reason, the website says that once a family or friend sends letters or postcards to someone in another country of how good they are doing, then that person will want to go there as well. For the political reasons, some people think they do not have enough political freedom. Some come to the U. S. to get political rights and others for a better living atmosphere. Furthermore, they immigrate to other countries in search of altering to their citizenship for a â€Å"new identity† (Top Seven Reasons Why People Immigrate). Illegal immigrants entering the United States have played a major impact on the quality of life in our economy. Positive effects include taking jobs that Americans would not normally want, such as â€Å"retail, cleaning, food preparation, construction, and other services. † In doing this, they help the economy make affordable â€Å"priced goods† and raise the actual wages of most Americans (Griswold). Also, immigrants start their own businesses. According to the Partnership for a New American Economy, in 2011, immigrants started 28 percent of businesses. More importantly they make jobs for Americans. Furthermore, immigrants raise the requirements for â€Å"local consumer goods. † The 2010 American Community Survey states that â€Å"immigrants earned a total of $1. 1 trillion, and the Immigration Policy Center estimates that the purchasing power of Latinos and Asians, many of whom are immigrants, alone will reach $1. 5 trillion and $775 billion, respectively, by 2015† (Immigration and the Economy). All in all, maybe immigrants are not as bad as everyone thinks. For centuries, people have come across the United States borders from foreign countries hoping for a better life wanting to live in the land of opportunity to make something of themselves; this is why we have major problems with illegal immigration. Immigration negatively impacts our country so much that â€Å"the CBO estimated that federal spending would increase $53. 6 billion during the period 2007- 2016 if the legislation became law, primarily because of increases in refundable tax credits and Medicaid spending. † This cost is compared to the gains of the U. S.  economy from a more diverse supply of workers and a wider range of more affordable goods and services for genuine Americans. Expanded illegal immigration has also been accused for congested roads, full hospitals, public schools, and packed prisons. On a national level this has been overemphasized by advocates of immigration reform, but can be a real problem at the local level. â€Å"[A]lthough the fiscal impact of a typical immigrant and his or her descendants is strongly positive at the federal level, it is negative at the state and local level,† expressed the 1997 National Research Council study. By stating this, it shows that there will be a higher net cost of the state government in billions (Griswold). Many of the problems associated with illegal immigration could be solved if the existing laws in the books were enforced. To some, it might seem like an impossible task to stop the flow of illegal immigrants across the border, but many could probably be discouraged to cross the border illegally if our government was strictly enforcing the law. From the early 1900s the government has witnessed and tried to help with the illegal immigration and the immigration reform.

Addictions a Disease of the Brain Essay Sample free essay sample

Through old ages past and old ages soon. dependences have grown and changed in manner and substance. The leaders in substance dependences transpose every twelvemonth with the usual frontrunners of intoxicant and baccy. Addictions are genuinely a disease that is highly difficult to get the better of. but it can be done. With endurance and acceptableness to setbacks. an dependence can go a life lesson to the past nut and others who hear their narrative. Addictions happen when person lets down their guard and let a drug to command their life. Experts in how dependences begin and how they can be overcome are working every twenty-four hours to assist forestall the following habit-forming drug and to assist those who have already become addicted. There are many associations that help addicts overcome their job. These jobs can run from an dependence to shopping to any type of hard-core drug. There are many different types of dependences every bit good as different types of interventions. We will write a custom essay sample on Addictions: a Disease of the Brain Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Addiction: A Disease of the BrainMillions of Americans are affected by dependences. Having an dependence is non merely the failure of one’s will or character ; it is a disease of the encephalon. Addictions are a serious job. but retrieve non everyone who takes a hit of a drug or a sip of intoxicant will go nuts. Addictions are developed because of a mixture of genetic sciences and one’s environing environment. Having an dependence is a disease of the encephalon. It is a disease that can be controlled or even get the better of. Many people do non understand the complexness of why some users become addicted while others can command their usage. Addicts non merely ache themselves with continued usage but they hurt their encompassing friends. household. and anyone they may be accountable to. Many believe discontinuing an dependence is merely a affair of taking to alter their behaviour. when in fact it is non. An dependence is something that changes a encephalon and has a fa stness on the life of the 1 with the job. So when it comes to discontinuing. even if the individual is ready and willing to make so. it is still a drawn out and hard procedure. To understand dependence and what it does to a individual who develops it is difficult to understand to person other than the nut. The best manner for a individual to make to understand is to understand these inquiries which are the stairss that are included in the dependence procedure: 1. What are the different types of dependence?2. How does an dependence Begin?3. What are interventions to an dependence and how does an addict respond to them? Understanding these three simple inquiries is one manner a individual can inform themselves on dependence. It is a disease of the encephalon. a clasp on a person’s life. and something that non merely hurts the life of the nut but the lives of all those involved with the person’s dependence. What are the Different Types of Addiction?There are many different sorts of dependence. Some people are addicted to substances such as intoxicant. illegal drugs such as cocaine or diacetylmorphine. prescription drugs such as Valium or kiping pills. nicotine in coffin nails or other baccy merchandises. and caffeine in java. tea or Cola. Peoples can besides be addicted to activities such as utilizing the cyberspace. feeding. chancing. sex. work. exercising. shopping. etc. 1 There can be multiple dependences with merely one nut. Furthermore. intoxicant and drug dependance doesn’t merely affect the nut ; it can ache the lives of an addict’s friends. household. and even the people they work with. Any type of individual can develop an dependence. regardless of their personal character traits. physical traits. or their childhood upbringing. Each twelvemonth. one in four deceases in the United States can be attributed to alcohol. baccy or illegal drug usage ( Addictions. 2012 ) . In 2007. more than three-quarterss of the approximated 17. 4 million intoxicant or drug maltreaters had a occupation. Alcohol users are believed to be the cause of 500 million lost work yearss every twelvemonth. and in 2007 the sum of money spent on these people by their employers was $ 186. 9 billion. Recent information shows that there were an estimated 6. 4 million Americans utilizing prescription drugs recreationally in the past month. The bulk. 4. 7 million. used hurting stand-ins. The usage by immature and older grownups of prescription-type drugs used for diversion has increased ( Hanson. 2012 ) . How does an Addiction Begin?Addiction normally follows a form. First. a individual tries a substance or activity to happen out what it’s like. Then the individual keeps utilizing the substance or making the activity to acquire a â€Å"rush† or â€Å"high† or to avoid confronting a job they may be holding. One continues the habit-forming behaviour and denies any of the bad effects it may be holding on their wellness. occupation public presentation or relationships. Finally. one loses control completely—even after recognizing the bad effects. They can’t halt making it. despite efforts to cut down or halt. Anyone can develop a chemical dependence. regardless of gender. age. race. instruction or income ( Addiction Facts. 2012 ) . Whether a substance can be bought lawfully or illicitly. it is of import to be cognizant of the extremely habit-forming nature of these substances. and the dangers they can perchance bring forth on those who use them. While different drugs have different effects. what most drugs have in common is that they over-stimulate the pleasance centre of the encephalon. Over clip. the manner the encephalon works in an addicted is altered. doing clip spent without the substance in the user’s system highly uncomfortable and even painful. known as backdown. Addiction is a many-sided disease. It is non a affair of moral failing or faulty self-control. It is a barbarous rhythm that causes physical alterations in the encephalon. taking to urges to utilize. Therefore the dependence becomes progressively powerful and riotous to personal relationships. an nuts workplace and work production. and overall wellness of an nut. The line between dependence and substance maltreatment can look little and about non-existent. but medical professionals have specific standards to separate them. Peoples are considered to be mistreating a substance if in a short period of clip they do any one of the followers: †¢Fail t o run into duties such as their responsibilities for their instruction. their occupation. or the engagement in one’s ain societal life †¢Act in a foolhardy mode while under its influence †¢Have legal jobs because of it†¢Continue to utilize it despite cognizing the jobs it causes †¢Addiction is a more terrible status. and involves making more than one behaviour. The American Psychiatric Association lists a figure of behaviours it considers diagnostic of dependence. and says a individual must make three or more of them within a twelve-month period to be considered â€Å"substance dependant. † Among the symptoms are: †¢Developing a â€Å"tolerance† for the substance. Tolerance means necessitating increased sums of it to experience its effects or experiencing a reduced consequence when utilizing the same sum †¢Suffering backdown symptoms if one stops taking it or decreases the sum one takes. Withdrawal symptoms include an array of unpleasant effects. runing from child ( such as sudating. anxiousness ) to the terrible symptoms associated with backdown from narcotics ( such as hurting. spasms. shudders. and sickness ) †¢Losing co ntrol. as shown by: †¢Taking more of the substance than planned†¢Trying but neglecting ( several times ) to halt utilizing it†¢Spending a batch of clip seeking to acquire it. utilize it. or retrieve from its effects †¢Ignoring other activities ( educational. professional. societal. or personal ) because of its effects †¢Continuing to utilize it despite cognizing the physical and/or psychological jobs it creates In the yesteryear. this sort of behaviour was seen in society as a moral failing or a religious weakness. Today we know that dependence is a disease of the encephalon. In recent old ages. clinical research into dependence has been improved through imaging engineerings that let us look at the encephalon and see how it changes because of an dependence. It appears that habit-forming substances change the nervus cells in the encephalon. which affects how they understand and procedure information. Obviously. non all drugs have this consequence ; hence. non all drugs are habit- forming. Each substance can do different alterations. but in general they seem to impact the information pathways that tell the encephalon when something is delighting. The alterations can do normal and pleasuring things seem less fulfilling. while reenforcing the demand to utilize the habit-forming substance ( Puting People First. 2000-2012 ) . What are Treatments to an Addiction and how does an Addict Respond to Them? While dependence is a disease of the encephalon. it can be successfully treated. Backslidings are unluckily sometimes portion of the recovery procedure and the intervention does take clip. Possibly the best manner to understand why backsliding is so common a job among people with dependence is to believe of dependence as a chronic disease. Chronic diseases are womb-to-tomb unwellnesss. They may neer be cured. but they can be treated and managed so that their symptoms or negative effects are minimized. Sometimes the harm the disease has already caused makes the intervention hard. and the patient may endure backslidings. And sometimes these backslidings are caused. at least in portion. by the person’s behaviour. Peoples with dependence have suffered alterations in their day-to-day life and life style but the harm to the addict’s encephalon can remain with them for a long period of clip. These long lasting alterations are what make dependence a chronic status and people wi th it are susceptible to get worse. Even after an extended clip off from a drug. cravings and a false feeling of demand can happen with events such as unhappiness. emphasis. and even sometimes the opposite with state of affairss that leave a individual enraptured or elated. Because their decision-making accomplishments have been changed or merely restricted. the cravings can wholly catch one’s better judgement. This may be easier understood if it is said that they fall back into an dependence or hungering even when the nut knows it will merely do them injury ( Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction. 2011 ) . There are many types of intervention options. One intervention that comes from a group of dependence recovery experts goes as following: †¢ Admit you have a job. This is the first measure to recovery and a life free of dependence. †¢Talk with person you trust. Don’t attempt to travel it entirely. Seek the aid of a close household member. friend. physician. healer. or spiritual leader. †¢Get adept aid. Find out what types of intervention are available for your dependence such as residential intervention. professional guidance. drug therapy. nutrition reding. or self-help groups. Remember that dependences are treatable and recovery can regenerate your wellness and felicity and convey you peace of head ( Addiction Facts. 2012 ) . Because every individual is different in the ground for maltreatment and why they think they need it. and due to the big span of types of dependences. the intervention for every person should be suited to the type of intervention that specific Attic demands. That does non intend intervention should be wholly different. Every nut should utilize both medicines and reding in their procedure towards complete recovery ( Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction. 2011 ) . As a consequence of these surveies and the reply to the inquiries above. a individual can see how dependence is more than merely person imbibing a small excessively much. taking more pills than prescribed. or making anything for the recreational high. Addictions develop for different grounds runing from being prescribed hurting medical specialty or doing a bad determination by taking a drug. Drug dependence is a preventable disease. Although many events and cultural factors affect drug maltreatment tendencies. when youths understand drug maltreatment as something harmful. they cut down their drug pickings and even forestall them from of all time sing taking a drug. Thus. instruction and outreach are keys in assisting the young person and the general public understand the hazards of drug maltreatment. If all leaders in the community become function theoretical accounts for the kids they can impact. so drug usage can be wholly avoided. ( Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction. 2011 ) . Again. bar is cardinal. but assisting the people already addicted is a manner to assist the cause. The fewer nuts there are the fewer people who become affected through their demoralising influence. Addictions hurt society as a whole and the more people that can remain off from them. the better society can go. Mentions Addiction. ( 2012 ) . In 2nd sentiment. Retrieved December 4. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //secondopinion-television. org/episode/addictionAddiction Facts. ( 2012 ) . In Untiversity of Colorado wellness. Retrieved December 4. 2012. Fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. uch. edu/conditions/addictions/about-addictions/ Facts about dependences. ( 2000-2012 ) . In Puting people foremost. Retrieved December 4. 2012.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. valueoptions. com/members/files/Facts_About_Addiction. pdf Hanson. D. J. ( 2012 ) . Professional dependence reappraisals. In Saint Jude retreats. Retrieved December 4. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. soberforever. net/testimonials-professional. cfm achieve their long-run ends of life felicity and ego efficaciousness. † Understanding drug maltreatment and dependence. ( 2011. November ) . In National institute on drug maltreatment. Retrieved December 4. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. drugabuse. gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-drug-abuse-addictionWillenbring. M. ( 2007. May ) . The scientific discipline of dependence. In NIH MEDLINE asset. Retrieved December 8. 2012.from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/spring07/articles/spring07pg14-17. hypertext markup language

Free Essays on African Americans in Math

There were many great African- Americans in history that math marks in significant areas of education. These two women made there mark in a very uncommon area for African-Americans especially women. They became great mathematicians and became rewarded for there great marks in the mathematical history. Evelyn Boyd Granville was born in Washington, DC and attended Dunbar High School, a segregated high school at the time. Her interest in mathematics was encouraged by two mathematics teachers, Ulysses Basset (a graduate of Yale) and Mary Cromwell (graduate of the University of Pennsylvania). Granville attended Smith College on a partial scholarship. In 1945 she graduated summa cum laude and elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Granville worked with Einar Hille, a distinguished mathematician in the field of functional analysis, as her Ph.D. faculty advisor at Yale University. Evelyn Granville received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Yale in 1949, the same year as another woman mathematician; Marjorie Lee Browne received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Michigan. Granville and Browne represented the first two Black women to receive doctorates in Mathematics in the United States. Following her graduation from Yale Evelyn Granville spent a year as a research assistant at the New York University Institute of Mathematics and part-time instructor in the mathematics department of New York University (NYU). Professor Granville was then appointed as Associate Professor of Mathematics at Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee from 1950-1952, where two of her former students went on to receive Ph.D. in Mathematics, Vivienne Malone Mayes and Etta Zuber Falconer. Dr. Vivienne Mayes received her doctorate from the University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Etta Falconer received her Ph.D. degree in mathematics from Emory University. Marjorie Lee Browne was born to Mary Taylor Lee and Lawrence Johnson Lee, in Memphis, Tennessee, on September 9, 1914. Mar... Free Essays on African Americans in Math Free Essays on African Americans in Math There were many great African- Americans in history that math marks in significant areas of education. These two women made there mark in a very uncommon area for African-Americans especially women. They became great mathematicians and became rewarded for there great marks in the mathematical history. Evelyn Boyd Granville was born in Washington, DC and attended Dunbar High School, a segregated high school at the time. Her interest in mathematics was encouraged by two mathematics teachers, Ulysses Basset (a graduate of Yale) and Mary Cromwell (graduate of the University of Pennsylvania). Granville attended Smith College on a partial scholarship. In 1945 she graduated summa cum laude and elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Granville worked with Einar Hille, a distinguished mathematician in the field of functional analysis, as her Ph.D. faculty advisor at Yale University. Evelyn Granville received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Yale in 1949, the same year as another woman mathematician; Marjorie Lee Browne received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Michigan. Granville and Browne represented the first two Black women to receive doctorates in Mathematics in the United States. Following her graduation from Yale Evelyn Granville spent a year as a research assistant at the New York University Institute of Mathematics and part-time instructor in the mathematics department of New York University (NYU). Professor Granville was then appointed as Associate Professor of Mathematics at Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee from 1950-1952, where two of her former students went on to receive Ph.D. in Mathematics, Vivienne Malone Mayes and Etta Zuber Falconer. Dr. Vivienne Mayes received her doctorate from the University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Etta Falconer received her Ph.D. degree in mathematics from Emory University. Marjorie Lee Browne was born to Mary Taylor Lee and Lawrence Johnson Lee, in Memphis, Tennessee, on September 9, 1914. Mar...

Shaping the American Dream, defining success from the first World war Essay

Shaping the American Dream, defining success from the first World war to present - Essay Example American culture after World War II equated good citizenship with good consumerism. People have been encouraged to consume more and better. Leisure activities are an example of this; before the 20th century, most of the leisure time of an average American was spent in the family, church, and activities related to community. In the early half of the 20th century, leisure activities such as playing with recreational products or watching movies mostly replaced the social activities on the basis of consumption (Spring 96). Cold War played an important role in tying American Dream to consumerism. Although the democracy in America had a strong contrast with the Soviet totalitarianism, yet the politicians in America promoted mass consumption as a way of differentiating between Americans and the Soviets. William H. Whyte, Fortune editor stated in 1957, â€Å"Thrift is now un-American† (Cohen 121). In 1959, American Exhibition was organization in Moscow whose economic highlight was demonstration of America’s consumer goods to the Soviet leaders. President Richard Nixon said at the exhibition, â€Å"To us, diversity, the right to choose†¦is the most important thing. †¦We have many †¦ many different kinds of washing machines so that the housewives have a choice† (Nixon cited in Spring 137). Here, Nixon drew audiences’ attention toward the variety of ways of consumption for the Americans to explain diversity rather than giving examples of political or social signific ance. The relationship between good consumerism, good citizenship, and the American Dream has lived up to date. Americans united under the leadership of President Bush after the 9/11 attacks, and a brief charitable outpouring followed. Despite having a great opportunity to foster non-consumerist behavior in the Americans, Bush simply reminded Americans of the importance of consumerism in the development of a strong economy in the post-9/11 attacks speeches. Bush said that the best action

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

ART - Essay Example Hence, his warrior accessories entail a bow and arrow with a traditional shield for protection. The symbol of bravery in the form of brave feathers (hood) and a single feather in the hair shows his youth, lack of experience in the war affairs. Likewise, a chief would be observed wearing a complete feather head piece, but in the case of the portrait the young Native Indian American has a single Eagle feather in his hair. Two feathers on his bow depict that this warrior might have earned esteemed triumph in a short time. Lion on his shield represent his stamina and zeal to fight and possibly a Native Warrior grade given according to the custom of the tribe. This portrait of a warrior is a symbolic representation of youth with its apt cultural association. Thus, this young warrior is known for its association. He does not have a distinct identity besides his association. Yet, he is seen as a member of a rich culture not as an individual or prominent due to his own eminence. Closeness to nature and appreciation of mother earth has always been an Indian trait, thus, one can observe that this warrior has war accessories which are less modified and more close to their natural type. Therefore, the bow and arrow as a weapon, brave feathers as medal, horse as a mean to travel, shield probably made from animal skin and hand painted, his cloth saddle and his buckskin war shirt and kilt trousers emphasize his identity as a warrior from a tribe not a horse man minding his business in a meadow. The warrior in the portrait seems ready for war, thus, his facial expression show determinations, which has been a true intrinsic feature of Indian society. The fearless look on this young warrior makes him more admirable and most essentially remembered. This warrior with his customary war equipment is waiting for the sound of horse hoofs to echo around and thus, he could proceed in war as

A Hard Days Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Hard Days Night - Essay Example Their film, A Hard Day’s Night portrays those values and how they handled them. This essay will try to show why the Beatles film, A Hard Day’s Night reflected the values of the 1960’s in America. The American culture in the 1960’s was fueled by baby boomers of the world war two. This youthful population made the beatles more popular because their fan base was huge. They liked to do things their own way and expressed themselves more viciously. The beatles came with a different kind of music that endeared to them because of the message it portrayed. The beatles messages questioned the old society norms, thus making the sixties generation want to explore what was forbidden by their parents (A Hard Day’s Night (1964) –IMDb). The messages were of self realization, sex and drugs. In the film, A Hard Day’s Night by the beatles reflects some of the values that the sixties American used to practice. Different scenes portray different values that the American expressed. The train station scene where the beatles was chased down the Marylebone station, portrays how the sixties liked fame (A Hard Day’s Night (1964) –IMDb). They liked to associate themselves with celebrities. The beatles enjoyed being famous and the limelight. In another scene at the press conference, the beatles seemed to enjoy the spotlight. They are flanked by reporters who want to sell their story. The questions asked are primarily youthful and seem to ender the young population. This brings about the theme of the beatles vs adults. The questions asked, were to do with fashion, love and the fame they are experiencing. During the sixties, this was what drove the youth. It was fashionable to let your hair grow and wear certain pants. This was what the beatles portrayed to the world. The night club scene, where the lads sneak out of their hotel room to go have some fun at a twist club. The beatles blatantly disobeyed

Factors Leading To Growth In International Business Commerce Essay

Factors Leading To Growth In International Business Commerce Essay International business is defined as the transactions that are carried out across national borders to fulfill the objectives of individuals, companies and organizations. The different modes by which international business is being done are import-export trade, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising and management contracts. Over the last five decades international trade and investment have grown faster than the domestic economies. International business facilitates flow of idea, services and capital across the globe. The result is higher levels of innovation, faster dissemination of goods and information worldwide, more efficient use of human capital and improved access to financing (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett, 2009). 1.1 Brief History of International Business International business is not a new phenomenon but has been practiced around the world for thousands of years. Through the routes established in the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians, Mesopotamians, and Greeks did trading. As sophisticated business techniques emerged, facilitating the flow of goods, resources and funds between countries flourished. This growth was further stimulated by colonization activities. The Industrial Revolution stimulated the growth of international business by providing methods of production for mass markets and efficient methods for utilizing raw materials. The inventions and technological developments from Industrial revolution further accelerated the smooth flow of goods, services and capital between the countries. The production grew at unprecedented levels by 1880s as the industrial revolution was in full swing in Europe and in the United States. Growth continued in an upward spiral as mass production was realized and the manufactures were pushed to seek f oreign markets for their products. This marked the emergence of multinational corporations. (Ajami,Cool, Goddard and Khambata, 2006) 2.0 Factors leading to Growth in International Business 2.1 Development and expansion of technology The introduction of telegraph in 1837, the telephone in 1876, the wireless in 1895, the aero plane in 1903, the television in 1926, the liquid fuelled rocket in 1927, the coaxial cable in 1930s and digital computer in 1946 were all the key events that triggered the growth of international business. Next to air transport, electronic communication, digital information processing has been the other principal area of technological innovation. All these technological advancements provided the platform for companies to set off increased number of international business activities. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, 2007) 2.2 Liberalization of cross border activities The governmental barriers for international business have been lowered after the Second World War. The European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN and other regional economic blocs throughout the world provide fewer restrictions on cross border movements. The European Union was awarded the Nobel prize for peace 2012 in recognition for its constructive handling of peace, improving relations between nations through trade, reconciliation and human rights in Europe over the past six decades. (Europa.eu, 2012) The European commission president Jose Manuel Barrosa at the outset of receiving prize said that, we honor this prize and will preserve what had been achieved. This achievement will propel the quest for shaping a better organized world with the values of freedom, democracy and human rights.(Guardian.co.uk, 2012) 2.3 Development of supporting services Governments and companies have developed services that facilitate further international business. For instance Mail, which is a government monopoly, could be transferred by an airline other than that of the country of origin, could go through many different countries before reaching the final destination with the stamp of the country of origin. Also banking institutions have developed effective and efficient means for companies to receive payment for their foreign sales. The banks can assist in the payment of any currency through various international transactions upon the receipt of goods /services. (Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis, 2007) 3.0 Distinctive elements of international business The four distinctive elements of international business are: Globalization International Business Environment Unique Culture International Business Management 3.1 Globalization People around the globe are more connected than ever before. Goods and services produced in one part of the world is increasingly available in other parts of the world. This phenomenon is termed as globalization. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has two components which are globalization of production and globalization of markets. (Aswathappa, 2009) Globalization of markets refers to the merging of separate and distinct market place into a single market. (Subba Rao, 2009). The global acceptance of consumer products such as Sony Walkman, Coca-Cola, Levis Jeans, Citicorp Credit Cards, MCDonald Hamburgers are all considered as prototypical examples of this trend. By offering a standardized product worldwide they are helping to create a global market. ( Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis, 2007) Globalization of production refers to the tendency among firms to source goods and services from locations around the world to take global advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production. (Labor, land, energy and capital) Companies hope to lower overall cost structure by doing so. For example, Boeing companys jet airliner 777 has 132,500 component parts which are produced around the world by 545 suppliers. (Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis, 2007) 3.2 International Business Environment The international business environment is highly characterized and influenced by International Politics International Culture International Trade International financial markets and Institutions 3.2.1 International Politics International politics is a primary concern for Multi National Enterprises. (MNEs) The past two decades have witnessed dramatic change in their political systems. Most of the countries in the Eastern Europe, in the Americas are building market economies in varying degrees. MNEs feel more confident in starting up their operations in market driven economy as they are endowed with more freedom to fix prices and more liberty in carrying out their business operations. Until MNEs feel that the government is willing to take the steps necessary to ensure that promises are kept and they are able to repatriate their funds, they are going to proceed very cautiously with their investment plans. (Rugman and Collinson, 2006) 3.2.2 International Culture Despite the various patterns and processes of globalization, Cultural awareness is a very important aspect for MNEs when it operates in international arena. As an example, the culture, beliefs and etiquettes which are followed in the India is entirely different from that of the western world and the companies and persons who are involved in businesses in India should comprehend the Indian culture to its full extent. When going to a business meeting in India, bring family photos. Indians enjoy talking about each others families, which is seen as building trust and rapport before doing business. (Czinkota,Ronkainen and Moffet, 2009) Real Business Case Saudi Arabia: Many organizations from foreign countries entered into the Saudi Arabian market following the crisis it faced in 1970s. But not all were successful as they failed to understand the Saudi Arabian culture. A major U.S security company won a large contract to install security system for a client in Saudi Arabia. The troubles started when the shipments from the U.S. which landed in Saudi Arabia were not released by the custom officials. The reason behind the detainment of the shipments was that the security devices were wrapped in newspapers which contained fashion photographs of scantly claded women. This offended the cultural sensitivities of the officials of a nation in which majority of the women wear a long garment called Abayah. (Misra and Yadav, 2009) 3.2.3 International Trade International trade is a broad term, which includes all commercial transactions that take place between nations. Multinational companies are major players in international trade and account for the major proportion of International trade. Some classic examples for international trade are, Ford which makes gear box in its factory in Bordeaux and exports it to assembly plants in different EU countries. Spain depends upon Nigeria, Algeria and Libya for 99% of its natural gas requirements. (Misra and Yadav, 2009) 3.2.4 International Financial Markets and Institutions Irrespective of whether a company or bank engages in international trade, it is important that its managers understand some key aspects of international financial markets. The euro currency market, international monetary system, the foreign exchange market all influence the functioning of markets for goods and services. The euro currency market may offer a low cost borrowing opportunity; the international monetary system may set a framework that may affect many firms and the foreign exchange market determines the cost and availability of foreign currencies used in business by many firms. (Misra and Yadav, 2009) 3.3 Unique Culture International business and its by product globalization will ensure and enforce a unique culture around the globe. For example, Pizza which has had its origin in Italy is now widely accepted and consumed all around the world thus integrating the culture and bringing about a unique food culture. Similarly Indian costumes are in high demand these days in the U.S and Europe. So international business is bringing forth a common culture which brushes out all national and cultural barriers. (Ashwathappa, 2009) 3.4 International Business Management International business management is all about developing business operations on an international scale. (Coade,1997). The key features of international business management are: The elements of market analysis which are required to start business operations overseas. Guidance on how to influence the international strategy on business Construct a dynamic market entry strategy Easy ways to search for a competitive advantage 4.0 Why do companies go international? The desire to expand sales and revenue to acquire inputs at least cost and to minimize business and financial risk through geographic diversification has led to the growth of MNCs. The factors that led the companies accelerate their business activities worldwide are: Minimize competitive risk Expand sales Acquire resources Cost 4.1 Minimize Competitive Risk Companies seek to have global presence for defensive reasons. The intense competition between companies in the domestic market incites companies to have global operations. Real Business Case Tata Motors: Since early 1990s India have been witnessing strong waves of liberalization, privatization, and globalization. The automobile giant in India, Tata motors realized that if it wants to grow then it cannot afford to have business solely to the fortunes of one country as automotive business is highly competitive and the competitiveness depends on the quality, economies of scale and efficiency can be improved if the organization enters foreign market. The senior management of Tata Motors where left with the question whether they should remain as an exporter of vehicles which they were doing since 1961 or to enter into the international market which can compete with the best in the business. The answer they have zeroed in was to widen its business operations than just exports (Misra and Yadav, 2009). 4.2 Acquire Resources Another important motive of companies to set for international business is to acquire resources such as raw materials, capital, products, technology, products or services. The reasons for it would be: Non-Availability of resources in the home country. High prices of resources in the home country. To seek resources of better quality/standard. Real Business Case Philips: Cheap labor in China brought Philips to China. In 2002 Philips had 23 factories in china which were either wholly owned or joint ventures. Two third of the companys export products were from these plants. According to Gerard Kleiterlee, the president and CEO of Philips Electronics, China is the second largest market for Philips Surpassing Germany in the last quarter of 2009. We are one of the largest multinationals in the country operating in 600 Chinese cities and employ 15000 people. (Philips.com, 2009) 4.3 Minimize Risk Organizations always want to minimize the risk by minimizing the swings in sales and profit. Companies try to mitigate the vulnerability to a single economy by having a broader base in multiple geographies. Real Business Case Nestle: In 2001, Nestle witnessed slower growth in Western Europe and in the U.S. but this was offset by higher growth in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia. According to Peter Brabeck , Vice chairman and CEO of Nestle, Nestle has delivered a good performance by any measure in the first half of 2002 demonstrating its capacity for growth and performance improvement even in a difficult global environment (Nestle, 2002). 4.4 Cost Cost aspect is a significant motivation for organizations to have inclination towards global business. Many organizations go in for international business to become more competitive internationally by reducing their costs. Real Business Case Toshiba: The manufacturing of Toshiba laptop is dispersed geographically where the mix of factor costs and skills are most favorable. The manufacturing of laptop components such as memory chips and display screens take place in Japan, microprocessors and hard drives made in the U.S. and finally assembly takes place in Singapore from where it is shipped to the U.S, Western Europe and Japan. (Toshiba.com, 2009) 5.0 Global Trends shaping International Business 5.1 Emerging markets increase their global power Emerging markets are viewed as the worlds economic growth engine. The emerging markets where once seen as home for natural resources, cheap labor and low manufacturing cost. But now these emerging markets are seen as promising markets as they are having rapid population growth, sustained economic development and growing middle class. It is expected that BRIC nations (Brazil,Russia,India and China) would account for 50% of global GDP growth by 2020. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 5.2 Cleantech become a competitive advantage Most of the governments and organizations around the world are very well aware about the carbon emissions and its repercussions. The cleantech enabled transformation to a low carbon, resource efficient economy will be the source for next industrial revolution. China, India, Brazil and Germany are gaining advantage in solar, wind, biofuels for its energy requirements. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 5.3 Global Banking sees recovery through transformation The financial institutions all around the world are forced to have regulatory changes following the global economic slowdown. (Ernst and Young, 2012) The final shape of global regulatory framework is still not clear but the international banking will change tremendously in following fundamental ways: Heightened corporate governance More restrictions on priority trading, investments in hedge funds and private equity funds. Executive pay will be limited. More focus on consumer protection. 5.4 Demographic shifts will transform global workforce Even though the global population is on a rise, the availability of skilled workforce is shrinking. The data suggests that the demographic divide will arise between countries with younger skilled population and aging shrinking workforce. The war for talent will be intense in areas which require higher skill levels and education. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 5.5 Rapid technology innovation creates a smart, mobile world Last twenty five years have been marked by digital revolution and it has changed the way we work and communicate. Yet the consumers want more powerful devices and applications, meanwhile businesses are looking for cost-effective technology. Still there is room for greater innovation in the areas of business intelligence, smart devices and cloud computing which would revolutionize the whole process by which international business is being carried out. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 6.0 Conclusion From daily bread to fuel, cosmetics to cars, entertainment to essentials, it is hard to see a product without having the label of a foreign brand. In fact international business has transformed our lifestyle, culture and tastes. It has to be noted that the positives of international business is overarching than the negatives. International business has served as a bridge for the developing nations to attain the status of developed nation, for underdeveloped nations, it is a ray of hope and for the developed world it is a means to further extend their business operations and supremacy. The good, international business has done to the human kind can never be estimated and the history has proved that the international business activities were blossomed when peace existed between nations. Thus international business can be viewed as symbol of prevailing peace, prosperity and general well being of mankind.

Venus :: essays research papers

The Planet Venus Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The planet we know as Venus is the second planet from the Sun in our solar system. The Planet is also the brightest if we were looking at it from earth. According to a some information I have found it â€Å"is the third brightest celestial object in the sky (after the Sun and Moon)†¦[And] is also one of the few bodies in our Solar System that rotates east to west (retrograde) (http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hanger/9188/venu.html).† It takes Venus around two hundred and twenty-four days on Earth for it to complete one full rotation. This makes Venus the planet with the slowest rotation in our Solar System. Venus’s year is shorter than its day being only two hundred and twenty-five days on Earth. Venus is also the Planet that comes the closest to our planet Earth. Venus comes about twenty-five million miles or fifteen million kilometers from the Earth’s surface. â€Å"Venus has a thick atmosphere and extreme atmospheric pressure, 9 2 times the Earth’s pressure. The clouds are composed primarily of sulfur compounds, most notably sulfuric acid (Http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hanger/9188/venu.html).† The Surface   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We gathered data from a satellite we sent to Venus showing us that Venus is a highly Volcanically active planet. With more and more satellite images being produced we see that the surface of the planet is changing. We have found that some Volcanoes that were on Venus some odd years ago have become dormant and new Volcanoes have been made, Thus proving the Plates under Venus’s surface are still moving and the planet is not dead; actually, it is very alive! Venus has many Mountains and Volcanoes on its surface. â€Å"There are also several board depressions: Atlanta Planitia, Guinevere Planitia, Lavinia Planitia. There two large highland areas: Istar Terra in the northern hemisphere (about the size of Australia) and Aphrodite Terra along the equator (about the size of South America). The interior of Ishtar consists mainly of a high plateau, Lakshmi Planum, which is surrounded by the highest mountains on Venus including the enormous Maxwell Montes (Http://sed s.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/venus.html).† The Atmosphere   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I copied the following chart to show the comparison of the atmosphere between Earth and Venus. (Davison E. Soper, Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403 USA soper@bovine.uoregon.edu) Earth Venus N_2 0.79 3 O_2 0.20 < 0.002 Ar 0.01 small CO_2 0.0003 86 H_2O ~ 0.02 ~ 0.01 Total 1.00 90 -------------------------- H_2O 3 km 30 cm liquid + vapor Clouds (50 to 70 km above surface) H_2SO_4 (sulfuric acid). (http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Venus/atmosphere.html) Because of all the gasses in Venus’s atmosphere it has been named one of the most poisonous planets in our solar system.

History And Theory Criticism Anthropology Essay

Lancelot Brown who was born in 1716 and died in 1783 was called ‘Capability ‘ because of his ability in recognizing the capablenesss of a landscape. Very high in his twenty-four hours and the demand by the proprietors of most of the baronial estates, we find that his position or repute had started worsening by the start of the 20th century. This was chiefly due to the polemics of those who had revived the captivation of the formal, architectural garden of which he was considered to be the chief destroyer ( Harlin, p93 ) . His prominence was restored by authors like Christopher Hussey and largely, Dorothy Stroud, who was his biographer during the 1950 and 1960s. Most late garden historiographers such as Tom Williamson and David Jacques have stressed the fact that Brown was merely one of the several 18th century landscape interior decorators, like Adam Mickle, William Emes and Nathaniel Richmond whose work and accomplishments are merely get downing to come into focal point. However, some of these interior decorators began their calling together with Brown. Latest survey, excessively, has stressed that Brown was ne'er a one-person set. He greatly depended on a big group of persons in oversing the execution of his programs and he might be believed to be among the first of all time garden interior decorators to hold something similar to a professional pattern. The accomplishment of his calling comes from his ain extraordinary endowments and the clip in which he lived. It was a clip of great profusion and one of the major marks of wealth was the addition in the size of the landed estates. However, the 18th century, as W. G. Hoskins defines it in ( 1955 ) ‘The Making of the English Landscape ‘ , was really the great age of parliamentary enclosures of the waste land and unfastened Fieldss ; about 1,214,574 hectares were enclosed, in other words passed into private ownership. All through hiss calling he worked on designs for more than two 100 estates, between 1741 ( Stowe ) and 1783 ( Stourton House in Yorkshire ) . The typical description of his characteristic work sums about to a cliche , the park that is surrounded by belts of trees, the bunchs of trees in the unfastened landscape, together with the lake at the cardinal land, ever formed by barricading a steam and usually of a snaky sort so as to look like a river. Not much is known about either the pattern or theory of his trade. He did n't go forth any theoretical Hagiographas and the few hints of information we have are undependable. In recent old ages, we find that it has been mentioned that Brown besides had great involvement in the pleasance evidences of an estate together with the park. He often designed more or less fancy shrubberies that were near to the house like in the pleasance evidences of Petworth. His work was n't by and large admired in his clip, Sir William Chambers, the designer every bit good as the garden interior decorator criticized his landscapes in the twelvemonth 1772 due to their small difference from the common Fieldss. Richard Payne Knight, the picturesque apostle, unusually dubbed him as the originator of bald and bald. Nevertheless, Humphry Repton, who so followed in his footfalls, claimed that wishing for grading, so common in all his workingmans: each knoll by them is lowered, and each hollow filled to do a degree surface ( Halliday, p152 ) . Petworth House Petworth House in Petworth, England is a late 17th century manor, reconstruct in 1688 by Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, and tainted during the 1870s by Anthony Salvin. The topographic point was once occupied by an equipt manor house that was founded by Henry de Percy, the 13th century chapel and the undercroft of which still exist. Today ‘s constructing houses is an indispensable aggregation of sculptures and pictures, which include 19 oil pictures by Turner, some which are owned by the household and some by Tate Britain, who was a usual visitant to Petworth, the pictures by Van Dyck, the carvings by Grinling Gibbons every bit good as Ben Harms, traditional and non-traditional sculptures ( which include even the 1s by John Edward Carew and John Flaxman ) , and wall every bit good as the ceiling pictures by Louis Laguerre. Furthermore, there is besides an earthly Earth by Emery Molyneux, which is believed to be he merely one worldwide in its original 1592 province. This stands in a seven hundred acre landscaped park called Petworth Park, which was good designed by Brown. However, the park is among the more popular in England, mostly on description of several of its images which were painted by Turner. It is occupied by a big herd of fallow cervid in England. There is besides approximately 30 acre forest garden called the Pleasure Ground ( Green, p123 ) . For the last two hundred and 50 old ages, we find that the house and the estate have under the ownership of the Wyndham household. The house and cervid park were given to the province in 1947 and are presently under the direction of the National Trust under the trade name ‘Petworth House and Park. However, the Leconfield Estates besides possess much of the Petworth and the adjacent country. As a expression into the lives of the old estate workers, we find that the Petworth Cottage Museum has been situated in High Street. Petworth House is the place to Petworth House Real Tennis Club. ( Many similar private estates held existent tennis tribunals. )BlenheimPalaceThis is a big and big state house located in Woodstock, England. It is really the lone non-episcopal state house in the state to hold the rubric ‘Palace ‘ . The castle which is one of the largest houses in England was constructed between 1705 and 1724. It was accepted and recognized as a UNESCO World heritage Site in the twelvemonth 1987 ( Girouard, p67 ) . However, its building was ab initio intended to be a present to John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough from an appreciative state in return for military triumph against the Bavarians and Gallic at the Battle of Blenheim. Is shortly turned out to be the chief topic of political squabbling, which resulted to Marlborough ‘s expatriate, the autumn from the power of his Duchess, and lasting harm to the position of the Sir John Vanbrugh, the architecture Planned in the rare, and impermanent, English Baroque manner, architectural esteem of the castle is divided today as it was during the 1720s. It is exceeding in its combined usage as a mausoleum, household place, and a national memorial. Furthermore, the castle is besides celebrated as the place of birth and the hereditary place of the Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill ( Turner, p30-32 ) . The mark above the big East gate provides a clear history of the building of the castle, the reading: â€Å" Under the backing of a munificent crowned head this house was constructed for John of Marlborough together with his Duchess Sarah, by Sir J Vanbrugh between 1705 and 1722. The Royal Manor of Woodstock and a grant of two hundred and 40 1000 Euros towards the building of Blenheim, was offered by Her Majesty Queen Anne and approved by act of parliament. † The fact is hat the building of the castle was a minefield of political confederacy, with intriguing on a Machiavellian graduated table by Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. Due to the completion of the castle, it has become the place of the Churchill household for the past three hundred old ages, and several members of the household have in that clip produced many alterations, inside gardens and park, whereby some are for the better, others for the worse. At the terminal of the 19th century, the Churchills and the castle were saved from the muss by an American matrimony. Hence, the outside of the castle is still in good fix and precisely as completed.Work citedTurner, R. , Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape. Phillimore, Chichester, 2005, pp.30-32. The book negotiations about Brown and his several parts to the landscape design, including the constitution of many Parkss for the English aristocracy. Particularly 15 of his landscapes ( e.g. , Blenheim ) which are comprehensively covered. Girouard, M. , Life in the English Country House. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2001, p67 The writer teases out these constellations and analyses the several ways the thoughts of subjection and command shaped Romantic artistic signifiers, from the literature and art to architecture and garden design. Green, D. , Blenheim Palace. Oxford: Alden Press. 2002, p123 The book focuses on a extremely original country of enquiry, the urban underworld. It besides offers enormous penetrations into the cultural energies and the stuff flows of the tunnels, cloacas and drains of Paris and London. Halliday, E. , Cultural History of England. London: Thames & A ; Hudson. 2004, p152 This book displays the easiness and assurance of person who truly knows her capable. The writer examines the comfy insides of England, the overstuffed chairs and couchs, dark forests, authoritative spiels and the vivacious colourss. Harlin, R. , Historic Houses. London: Conde Nast Publications. 1999, p93 In this book, the writer negotiations about the great architectural memorials in different metropoliss of the universe such as London, Athens and Paris

Micropachycephalosaurus - Facts and Figuress

Micropachycephalosaurus - Facts and Figuress Name: Micropachycephalosaurus (Greek for tiny thick-headed lizard); pronounced MY-cro-PACK-ee-SEFF-ah-low-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (80-70 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5-10 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; bipedal posture; unusually thick skull    About Micropachycephalosaurus The nine-syllable name Micropachycephalosaurus may sound like a mouthful, but its not so bad if you break it down into its constituent Greek roots: micro, pachy, cephalo, and saurus. That translates into tiny thick-headed lizard, and fittingly, Micropachycephalosaurus seems to have been the smallest of all the known pachycephalosaurs (otherwise known as bone-headed dinosaurs). For the record, one of the dinosaurs with the shortest given namesMeiwas also bite-sized; make of that what you will! But hold the Jurassic phone: despite its imposing name, Micropachycephalosaurus may turn out not to have been a pachycephalosaur at all, but a very small (and very basal) ceratopsian, or horned, frilled dinosaur. In 2011, paleontologists closely examined the bone-headed dinosaur family tree and were unable to find a convincing place for this multisyllabic dinosaur; they also re-examined the original fossil specimen of Micropachycephalosaurus, and were unable to confirm the existence of a thickened skull (that part of the skeleton was missing from the museum collection). What if, despite this recent classification, Micropachycephalosaurus is re-re-assigned as a true bonehead? Well, because this dinosaur has been reconstructed from a single, incomplete fossil discovered in China (by the famous paleontologist Dong Zhiming), the possibility looms that it may one day be downgradedthat is, paleontologists will agree that its another type of pachycephalosaur entirely. (The skulls of pachycephalosaurs changed as these dinosaurs aged, meaning that a juvenile of a given genus is often incorrectly assigned to a new genus). If Micropachycephalosaurus winds up losing its place in the dinosaur record books, some other multisyllabic dinosaur (possibly Opisthocoelicaudia) will rise up to assume the worlds longest name title.

Stop Kiss essays

Stop Kiss essays I think the play Stop Kiss was pretty good. I thought that it was pretty well acted and the actors did a good job. The arena theater makes for a totally different style play, not necessarily better but also not necessarily worse. It was bad at some points because you would be looking at the actors back. Other times when it was good for you that meant that it was bad for someone else. The scenery was annoying too because of the fact that the play got stopped every couple minutes. I understand that that is how the arena theater works but it becomes irritating after awhile when they keep coming out and switching it for really short scenes. I think the sets were designed pretty well because they seemed to convey the idea as to what was going on. I really liked that bed/couch that was the basic center piece of the set. The costumes were fine because all it was were really just regular everyday clothes. Except for that one outfit that Callie wore to the awards dinner(that hippy getup)that costume was definitely a costume. I think the lighting was ok at times it was a little dark and probably could have used more light but overall it was fine. The text and context of this play where a little wild if you did not know what to expect. I did not like how Sara and Callie talked to each other. Their conversations were never relaxed they were always down each others throats and I did not like that at all it started to bother me after awhile. I personally do not think that people even if they are nervous talk like that all the time. Sara always talked like that even to George. Callie always talked like that with Sara. I think that it is good how theater is not censored because I do not like having to censor myself. I did not really ever get where the whole lesbian thing came into play. In the beginning it never really occurred to me that Callie was gay because of George. Not even necessarily did I pick up on Sara being gay ...

The American Mideast Leadership Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The American Mideast Leadership Network - Essay Example George W. Bush, in his second inaugural address, stressed that "it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world" (qtd. in Lowenkron, 2006: np). While these policies may sound familiar, almost boilerplate in some respects, it is the increasing interest in and overt support of many non-governmental organizations that merits attention. For instance, in his remarks to the American Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Barry F. Lowenkron, the Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, stated, regarding President Bush's desire to end tyranny in the world, that "The work of NGOs is crucial to reaching that goal" (Lowenkron, 2006: np). It is this nuance, the interposition of non-governmental organizations, that indicates a growing trend in international relations. ... s; for example, they report and publicize facts otherwise not known about civil societies, they lobby and protest, and they sponsor educational conferences and debates. Non-governmental organizations deal with health issues, environmental concerns, education, humanitarian relief operations, and the protection of fundamental rights and liberties. They are, in short, free of many of the constraints faced by state actors and increasingly well-funded and supported. This trend, from a western perspective, has been emphasized by one leading scholar in the field: NGOs in this context appear as missionaries of the good word about the marriage of convenience between the free market and democratic elections, and the virtues of social democratic action in the spaces available within the power structure as opposed to direct action against it. In this context, the NGOs are enlisted by official development agencies (ODAs) and governments as partners in the process of "sustainable human development" and "good [democratic] governance"-as watchdogs of state deviancy, as interlocutors and participants in the formulation of public policy, and guarantors of its transparency to inhibit or prevent corruption and rentierism (Veltmeyer, 2005: 90). In the final analysis, non-governmental organizations are increasingly thought to be able to accomplish goals traditionally associated with more traditional state and multinational actors. One example of a non-governmental organization doing such work is the American Mideast Leadership Network. American Mideast Leadership Network Incorporated as a section 501(c)(3) non-profit organization under the Internal Revenue Code, the American Mideast Leadership Network is dedicated to the creation of educational and cultural exchanges (American

China and Mao Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China and Mao - Essay Example This is because there were frequent power struggles between different parties such as Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping, who presented different ideologies on how China should progress. The reason for the differences in opinion and power struggles lies in political and economic state of the country, where Mao’s policies included controlling the economy of the nation, while reformists worked towards changing and bringing everything back to the people hence the different factions (Eastmarsh, 1980). With the above, reforms began trickling in as power was returned to the people and the leaders were denied of certain powers, where absolute decision making no longer lay with them. Instead, democracy started taking root as Deng, and communism ceased to be a full recognizable system and became a concept that was used to show how different the Chinese system of politics is different from that of the western world (Eastmarsh, 1980). Free speech has always been a social concern in China, where freedom of expression is not widely practiced to date following the declaration of Mao’s â€Å"hundred flowers speech† which was then used against scholars who came up with schools of thought differing from those of his government (Allen, 2011). This is because the scholars were met with violent and extensive suppression, including re-education. After Mao’s death, free speech continued to be a problem because it only indicating the possibility of social unrest, in which case different ideas critiqued the government and political leaders negatively. As a result, freedom of speech has been widely denied to the Chinese people to date. Another way in which free speech remains elusive is following Mao’s declaration of â€Å"hundred flowers speech†, which was used as an offensive strategy to lure out scholars who were against government policies. This made the

The 1920-1929 Boom to Bust Period in America Essay

The 1920-1929 Boom to Bust Period in America - Essay Example The researcher states that the boom to burst period is of great importance inciting the US history. This is the period that transformed many things in America ranging from cultural, political, economic activities and the general social life. It is cited as the origin of the America we know today in a wide view. Impacts of 1920-1920 Boom to Burst on U.S Society. This period explains how Americans acquired the notions attached to them today. It helps us understand the America history and in turn voyage the present and the future. It illustrates how US transformed over a short period in terms of the notions of power, liberty and equality. It also shows how the changes in America affected the world at large. The historical changes brought about within this period can be resumed under the following headings. Economy: This period brought with it much economic advancement, which helped shape the future of the American economy. Many economic policies came up such as credit purchase, small go vernment and supply-side economics proved a great success. The reduction of main taxes gave entrepreneurs an incentive to work, invest and save leading to innovations and new discoveries due to venture in risky businesses. Later improved policies such as the fiscal and expansionary policies were introduced. Technology: The boom to burst period is the basis of U.S technological and infrastructural development. It saw the discovery of electrification that made it possible for other innovations for instance radio and motion pictures. The availability of money provided people with security and therefore, they were not afraid to try many things. This period also saw the construction of new infrastructure such as roads, bridges and tunnels. Culture and lifestyle: There was introduction of a new culture and way of life that would dominate the rest of the twentieth century. The economic prosperity provided many Americans more spending money and more leisure time, which they directed to maki ng their lives enjoyable for instance theatre, music and other forms of entertainment. Most people in the rural areas migrated to the urban areas in search of jobs. Accumulation of wealth also led to rise of classes due to unequal distribution of income. This led to segregation and clustering of people in different areas according to their classes. Gender Equality: This period saw the rise of women from being discriminated and undermined due to their gender. The expanding markets provided an opportunity for women to get jobs and get paid. Many single working class women held their jobs for the wages and their families. Some held jobs in order to free from parental authority and develop a personal identity. In addition, women also attended colleges and this led to the fading away of the traditional notion about women. All these factors enabled women to become more independent and achieve women rights in the constitutions. Entertainment: In this period, a lot of things changed in the world of entertainment and many others came up. One example is the film industry when Hollywood came to light. Music also advanced with the introduction of the Jazz music by Louis and Duke. Many sports such as boxing, golf and baseball, also rose to new heights of popularity. These led to rise of heroes like Babe Ruth in baseball and Jack Dempsey in boxing.

Authoritarian Rule in Latin America Essay Example for Free

Authoritarian Rule in Latin America Essay â€Å"Latin American politics since independence have been characterized by instability, authoritarianism, and violence. In a three page essay please discuss the role of the military in creating such problems using the chapter in the course reader entitled â€Å"The Good Sailor. † Also, discuss whether or not the Argentinean case is typical or unique to Latin America. Provide explanations and analysis from â€Å"The Good Sailor,† lecture, and the textbook. An â€Å"A† paper will use all three. Use size 12 Times New Roman font. The paper must be typed (or word-processed) on standard size paper (8 ? y 11) and double spaced with appropriate margins. Use MLA format with parenthetical citations-i. e. (Rosenberg, 84). † Violence in Latin America is a significant part because so much of it is political: planned, deliberate, and carried out by organized groups of society. It is used to make a point. The above quote supports that the violence and military is interrelated and it is used as tool by the military to instill fear and dominate people of the Latin America. Ranked as the third most unstable region in the world in the post-war era, political instability has been a pervasive problem in Latin America. Whether it is a caudillo, a charismatic boss with an armed following, or a general leading a golpe de estado or an authoritarian institution, Latin America is conceived as an authoritarian region always ruled by either military or civilian leaders. Only three Latin American countries were consistently democratic over the thirty year period from 1935 to 1964: Costa Rica, Colombia, and Venezuela. During this time, there were 56 changes of government by military coups in 20 Latin American nations. In sum, political instability is a persistent and pernicious problem in the region. The question arises how military insurrection remained instrument of ruling in Latin America. It might be because since the time of caudillos, violence when used as a method to rule has brought desired results and authority. So it has become a used and proven instrument in the ruler’s toolbox. Also, it might be possible that the institutional inertia of the violent politics as inherited from predecessor’s success is deep rooted in the psychic of the rulers. Brazil was the first of these Institutional dictatorships. When military rule began in 1964 after the overthrow of Joan Goulart, it was not a long project but hard liners in military demanded more and more until soft liners came into action in 1974 to loosen up the political rein. This military regime was institutionalized and created two political parties to channel political activity [Skidmore, Thomas Pg 358-360]. While in Chile, you will see the example to an institutional regime changing into personalistic one with emerging of a dictator Augustus Pinochet, who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1989. Pinochet staged a very bloody coup in which probably 2,000 people were killed in the coup and in the years immediately afterwards. Most Chileans supported some sort of army intervention, in part ironically because of their democratic history. They felt, It cant happen here. Our military isnt like the other militaries. They meant that the Chilean military cannot be as brutal as Argentinean military was. Our military will come in and restore order and clean house for six months and then leave. Seventeen years later, the military left after carrying on one of the most brutal and repressive regimes in Latin America and becoming a symbol of state terrorism. Argentina presents one of the most acute cases in the period after 1955. In this country during this period there occurred 12 military coups. While Colombias violence had its roots because of the lack of social order and the Government’s inability to place rules on a most chaotic society, in Argentina, the junta that came in power in military created exactly the opposite situation. When the military coup came into power in 1976; it suffocated Argentina with social order. It took over the educational institutions, changed the life style of people even their appearance. [Article â€Å"The Good Sailor† Pg. 13] Alfredo Astiz, a lieutenant general for the Navy who was active in it from 1970 to 1995. [Article â€Å"The Good Sailor† Pg. 24] Astiz was in Task Force 3. 2. 2 which killed more people during the Dirty War than any other group. The Dirty War lasted from 1976 until 1983 and involved people getting disappeared. The term disappeared describes those who vanished during this period and were probably killed by the military before being tortured in inhumanely ways. It is these trocities and the new and brutally creative ways to torture people that made the Argentinean military different from the other regimes in Latin America. The term Dirty War originates in the military junta itself, which claimed that a war, albeit with different methods was necessary to maintain social order and eradicate political subversives. Although the junta claimed its objective to be the eradication of guerrilla activity, the repression struck mostly the general population, and specifically all political opposition, trade unionists (half of the victims), students, and other civilians. Many others were forced to go into exile, and many remain in exile today. When the Dirty War was a year and a half old, it had disappeared more than 6,500 Argentines. [Article â€Å"The Good Sailor† Pg. 12. ] Even though the military knew in 1978 that 90% of the left was eradicated, they kept on fighting against imaginary subversives for 5 more years. Human rights were not important to the Argentines. Despite contrary opinion from the military, the article â€Å"The Good Sailor† by Tina Rosenberg proves that excessive torture occurred. It is evident from testimonies in the article and the experience of Vilerinos. Article â€Å"The Good Sailor† Pg. 15, 16. ] He talked about a torture chamber with an electric shock machine, torturing instruments and sand bags to hit people so no marks would show up. The military General and even the low rank officers believed that they have godlike powers instilled in them and it is their duty to clear all the dirt from the society by killing people they see fit. They had no shame in executing horrendous tortures instead they took pride and enjoyed the process. As compared to Argentina, Mexico had one part rule (PRI ruled since 1929 to 2000) rather than military wars but still there was colossal bloodshed. It is not that only military intervention brings in political instability and violence as Mexico is a live example of both. However, after the study of the article â€Å"The Good Sailor† and reading the book â€Å"Modern Latin America† it seems to me that the extent of atrocities military regimes brought is incomparable to civil dictatorship. It is their hunger for power and vehemence to rule that make them feel they are god and have right to â€Å"punish† people. â€Å"Here we are the only gods† said by a torturer in a chamber after brutally torturing a 52 year old women.